Skin cancer is a potentially life-threatening condition that affects millions of people around the world. It’s very common and can occur in individuals of all ages and skin types. However, certain factors can significantly increase the likelihood of developing skin cancer. These are called risk factors and can include genetic, environmental, lifestyle-related, and medical factors. 

Some of them are modifiable, which means they can be influenced or controlled through lifestyle changes and medical interventions. Others, however, are non-modifiable and inherent to a person’s genetic makeup or medical condition. For these, early detection and appropriate management of the risk factors are key to promoting well-being. For patients who have already developed cancer, medical interventions such as skin cancer surgery and chemotherapy may be recommended to treat the disease and improve outcomes.

If you want to identify whether or not you or your loved ones are at an increased risk of developing skin cancer, make sure to recognise these most common risk factors. 

Exposure to Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation

One of the most common risk factors of skin cancer is exposure to UV rays, either by staying out of the sun or by indoor tanning. UV radiation damages the DNA in skin cells, which can lead to mutations that can, in turn, result in cancerous growth. Particularly, prolonged exposure to the sun’s UV rays during peak hours is a leading cause of skin cancer. 

But this doesn’t mean have to totally avoid being outside when it’s sunny. You just need to ensure you’re protected from the sun’s harmful UV rays. Do this by applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 or higher and with a PA rating of +++ or more. It will help protect against both UVA and UVB radiation. Apply the sunscreen generously to all exposed skin, including the face, neck, ears, and hands, at least 15 minutes before sun exposure. If you’re swimming or sweating, choose a water-resistant product, and make sure to re-apply it every two hours. 

Whenever possible, seek shade during peak sun hours, typically between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Shade provides a physical barrier against UV radiation and reduces overall sun exposure.

Tanning beds or lamps can also be very harmful. That’s because indoor tanning delivers concentrated UV radiation in a short amount of time, which is often at levels much higher than those of the sun. Even occasional use of tanning beds can significantly elevate the risk of melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. So, refrain from using indoor tanning beds or lamps altogether.

Having Fair Skin

Some risk factors for skin cancer are due to genetics. In the case of people with fair skin, light hair, and light-coloured eyes, they’re at a higher risk of developing skin cancer compared to those with darker skin tones. Fair-skinned individuals have less melanin, the pigment that provides some protection against UV radiation. Because of this, their skin is more susceptible to sun damage.

Family or Personal History of Skin Cancer

Having a family history of skin cancer can significantly increase one’s risk of developing the disease. This means that if a close relative, such as a parent or sibling, has been diagnosed with skin cancer, the risk is higher for that person. The only reason for this is genetic. Certain individuals have genetic factors in their bodies that make them predisposed to skin cancer and more susceptible to its effects.

Additionally, individuals who have previously been diagnosed with skin cancer are at an increased risk of developing additional skin cancers in the future. If these risk factors are true for you, make sure to schedule regular skin examinations with a dermatologist or healthcare professional.

Presence of Numerous or Unusual Moles

Having a large number of moles or atypical moles on the skin can also elevate one’s risk of melanoma. This is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. While most moles are benign, changes in size, shape, or colour can indicate the presence of melanoma or other skin cancers. 

Consider conducting regular self-examinations to monitor for any changes in moles, freckles, or other skin lesions. You can use a mirror to check hard-to-see areas, such as the back, scalp, and buttocks. Alternatively, you can ask a trusted partner or family member for assistance.

In addition to doing self-checks, you can consider seeking professionals to help you. A trained medical professional can perform a thorough skin evaluation and identify any suspicious lesions that may require further evaluation or biopsy.

Weakened Immune System

A weak immune system is another risk factor for skin cancer. It’s because a weakened immune system may be less effective at identifying and destroying abnormal cells. This allows cancer to develop and spread more easily. 

Particularly, individuals who have conditions or have gone through treatments that suppress the immune system can increase their risk of developing skin cancer. These can include those who have undergone organ transplantation and have been diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. Additionally, some medications, such as immunosuppressants or certain antibiotics, can make the skin more sensitive to UV radiation, further increasing the risk of skin cancer. 

The common risk factors for skin cancer range from lifestyle to genetic factors. By understanding what they are, you can learn how to best manage their effects. You can take proactive steps to minimise exposure to UV radiation or have regular skin self-examinations. Hopefully, this information can help you reduce the impact of skin cancer on your life and the lives of your loved ones. 

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